Dalhousie Geodynamics Group

Department of Oceanography
Dalhousie University
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Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2
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You are here: Dalhousie Geodynamics: Research: Foreland Fold And Thrust Belts

Foreland Fold And Thrust Belts

Papers

• Stockmal, G. S., Beaumont, C., Nguyen, M., and Lee, B., "Mechanics of Thin-Skinned Thrust-and-Fold Belts: Insights from Numerical Models", Whence the Mountains? Inquiries into the Evolution of Orogenic Systems: A Volume in Honor of Raymond A. Price, Geological Society of America, editors J. Sears, T. Harms, and C. A. Evenchick, Spec. Paper 433, 63-99. PDF

  The auxiliary material contains 8 movie files showing the evolution of numerical models discussed in the paper.

  1. 2007285_Model1.gif (2.58 MB) shows Model 1 results (one-detachment model with rigid, horizontal base); frames are spaced equally in time. Elapsed time since beginning of convergence and magnitude of convergence are shown. Illustrated width is 200 km, encompassing the entire Eulerian grid. Cells within the Eulerian grid are colored according to material type (see Figure 2 and Table 1), and the Lagrangian mesh is shown by black lines (only every third mesh line, horizontally and vertically, is drawn for clarity). Dashed line above wedge in C is a visual fit to the tops of the pop-up structures, with a slope of 1.6°. Solid lines connecting the topographic low points of the upper surfaces in A-D have slopes equal to that predicted by the Dahlen (1984) equations for model 1 materials (0.835°). Arrows in H indicate shear zones with relatively large displacements resulting from self-organization of the wedge.

  2. 2007285_Model2.GIF (7.17 MB) shows Model 2 results (one-detachment model; addition of flexural isostasy); frames are spaced equally in time. Elapsed time since beginning of convergence and magnitude of convergence are shown. Illustrated width is 200 km, encompassing the entire Eulerian grid. Cells within the Eulerian grid are colored according to material type (see Figure 2 and Table 1), and the Lagrangian mesh is shown by black lines (only every third mesh line, horizontally and vertically, is drawn for clarity). Dashed line above wedge in C is a visual fit to the tops of the pop-up structures, with a slope of 1.6°. Solid lines connecting the topographic low points of the upper surfaces in A-D have slopes equal to that predicted by the Dahlen (1984) equations for model 1 materials (0.835°). Arrows in H indicate shear zones with relatively large displacements resulting from self-organization of the wedge.

  3. 2007285_Model3.GIF (7.56 MB) shows Model 3 results (two-detachment model; addition of an internal detachment layer); frames are spaced equally in time. Elapsed time since beginning of convergence and magnitude of convergence are shown. Illustrated width is 200 km, encompassing the entire Eulerian grid. Cells within the Eulerian grid are colored according to material type (see Figure 2 and Table 1), and the Lagrangian mesh is shown by black lines (only every third mesh line, horizontally and vertically, is drawn for clarity). Dashed line above wedge in C is a visual fit to the tops of the pop-up structures, with a slope of 1.6°. Solid lines connecting the topographic low points of the upper surfaces in A-D have slopes equal to that predicted by the Dahlen (1984) equations for model 1 materials (0.835°). Arrows in H indicate shear zones with relatively large displacements resulting from self-organization of the wedge.

  4. 2007285_Model4.GIF (7.25 MB) shows Model 4 results (two-detachment model; addition of strain softening within the thick, strong layers); frames are spaced equally in time. Elapsed time since beginning of convergence and magnitude of convergence are shown. Illustrated width is 200 km, encompassing the entire Eulerian grid. Cells within the Eulerian grid are colored according to material type (see Figure 2 and Table 1), and the Lagrangian mesh is shown by black lines (only every third mesh line, horizontally and vertically, is drawn for clarity). Dashed line above wedge in C is a visual fit to the tops of the pop-up structures, with a slope of 1.6°. Solid lines connecting the topographic low points of the upper surfaces in A-D have slopes equal to that predicted by the Dahlen (1984) equations for model 1 materials (0.835°). Arrows in H indicate shear zones with relatively large displacements resulting from self-organization of the wedge.

  5. 2007285_Model5.GIF (6.63 MB) shows Model 5 results (two-detachment model; addition of significant, slope-dependent surface erosion); frames are spaced equally in time. Elapsed time since beginning of convergence and magnitude of convergence are shown. Illustrated width is 200 km, encompassing the entire Eulerian grid. Cells within the Eulerian grid are colored according to material type (see Figure 2 and Table 1), and the Lagrangian mesh is shown by black lines (only every third mesh line, horizontally and vertically, is drawn for clarity). Dashed line above wedge in C is a visual fit to the tops of the pop-up structures, with a slope of 1.6°. Solid lines connecting the topographic low points of the upper surfaces in A-D have slopes equal to that predicted by the Dahlen (1984) equations for model 1 materials (0.835°). Arrows in H indicate shear zones with relatively large displacements resulting from self-organization of the wedge.

  6. 2007285_Model6.GIF (8.36 MB) shows Model 6 results (two-detachment model; addition of sedimentation to specified base level); frames are spaced equally in time. Elapsed time since beginning of convergence and magnitude of convergence are shown. Illustrated width is 200 km, encompassing the entire Eulerian grid. Cells within the Eulerian grid are colored according to material type (see Figure 2 and Table 1), and the Lagrangian mesh is shown by black lines (only every third mesh line, horizontally and vertically, is drawn for clarity). Dashed line above wedge in C is a visual fit to the tops of the pop-up structures, with a slope of 1.6°. Solid lines connecting the topographic low points of the upper surfaces in A-D have slopes equal to that predicted by the Dahlen (1984) equations for model 1 materials (0.835°). Arrows in H indicate shear zones with relatively large displacements resulting from self-organization of the wedge.

  7. 2007285_Model7.GIF (8 MB) shows Model 7 results (three-detachment model; erosion only); frames are spaced equally in time. Elapsed time since beginning of convergence and magnitude of convergence are shown. Illustrated width is 200 km, encompassing the entire Eulerian grid. Cells within the Eulerian grid are colored according to material type (see Figure 2 and Table 1), and the Lagrangian mesh is shown by black lines (only every third mesh line, horizontally and vertically, is drawn for clarity). Dashed line above wedge in C is a visual fit to the tops of the pop-up structures, with a slope of 1.6°. Solid lines connecting the topographic low points of the upper surfaces in A-D have slopes equal to that predicted by the Dahlen (1984) equations for model 1 materials (0.835°). Arrows in H indicate shear zones with relatively large displacements resulting from self- organization of the wedge.

  8. 2007285_Model8.GIF (8.25 MB) shows Model 8 results (three-detachment model; erosion and sedimentation); frames are spaced equally in time. Elapsed time since beginning of convergence and magnitude of convergence are shown. Illustrated width is 200 km, encompassing the entire Eulerian grid. Cells within the Eulerian grid are colored according to material type (see Figure 2 and Table 1), and the Lagrangian mesh is shown by black lines (only every third mesh line, horizontally and vertically, is drawn for clarity). Dashed line above wedge in C is a visual fit to the tops of the pop-up structures, with a slope of 1.6°. Solid lines connecting the topographic low points of the upper surfaces in A-D have slopes equal to that predicted by the Dahlen (1984) equations for model 1 materials (0.835°). Arrows in H indicate shear zones with relatively large displacements resulting from self-organization of the wedge.

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